SOCI 325: Sociology of Science

Agenda

Science denial

  1. Administrative
  2. Boundary work in science
  3. Conspiracy theories
  4. Group discussion

Administrative

Posters due today (Dec 5) by 11:59pm

  • Submit as PDF file on Teams
  • Posters will be collected into a ‘virtual poster session’ online by Friday classtime
  • Please do not include your name or ID number in the posters itself.
    (You'll be given a cat-based identity for the gallery)

Poster rubrics will be distributed tomorrow

  • You will receive a form with the (cat) names of four classmates to evaluate, along with a rubric

Poster evaluations due Friday (Dec 8)

  • Evaluations will be ‘collected’ automatically—no need to turn them in

Boundary work in science

Boundary work in science

Boundary work

  • Social boundaries are the sets of practices, beliefs, and
    customs that separate groups.
  • Boundary work is the act of making explicit and delineating social boundaries.
  • E.g. cultural work of describing foods as high- vs low-class.
a person wearing a black disposable nitrile glove holding a hamburger with consipcuous gold leaf on top of the patty Photograph of Mike Pence, masked, getting a vaccine from a man wearing a lab coat, surgical mask, and rubber gloves.

Boundary work in science

  • Boundary work emphasizes distinctions between science and non-science.
  • Epistemic authority of science based on claims of rationality, naturalness, disinterestedness, etc.

Conspiracy theories
(Harambam &
Aupers 2015)

Conspiracy theory

still from History Channel, showing a man with wild hair and a smirk on his face gesturing with his hands. (It was aliens meme)

Scientists on conspiracy theory:

  • Conspiracy theory is irrational and unscientific
  • Conspiracy theorists disregard evidence, allowing pre-conceived expectations to dominate
  • Closer to religion than science
Woodcut print of an aloof academic in full regalia reading a book

Conspiracy theorists on “establishment” science:

  • Scientists unable to consider ideas outside of the dominant paradigm
  • Scientific authority rests on institutionalized power structures
  • Science does not uphold its stated ideals

Conspiracy theory

Conspiracy theorists’ critiques
(Harambam and Aupers 2015)

Scientists disregard evidence outside of their dominant paradigm

Kuhn (1970)
Collins (1975)

Knowledge is socially constructed and situated

Haraway (1988)
Tallbear (2013)

Scientific knowledge entrenches social power

Benjamin (2019)
Poudrier (2007)

Science excludes alternative knowledge systems

Adams (2002)
Allen (2018)

screenshot of article from Clickhole. Headline: 'Heartbreaking: The Worst Person You Know Just Made A Great Point

Scientific legitimacy

Meta-meta-science

  • “Conspiracy theorists are thus subjected to a double form of boundary work: they are excluded by academics defending the positivistic ideals of science and by scholars coming from the social studies of science.”
    (Harambam and Aupers 2015, 477)
  • Conspiracy theorists as “pop-sociologists”
  • Boundary work of distinguishing conspiracy theory from STS

Scientific Legitimacy

  • Conspiracy theorists are engaged in discourse on the sources of scientific legitimacy
  • Illegitimacy of conspiracy theory not as simple as declaring it “unscientific”
Scientific figure with five panels. Each shows a time-series line chart and labeled with a contentious scientific claim: A) Coffee is Cancerous; B) UV Radiation is cancerous; C) Gravitational waves; D) Smoking is cancerous; E) Anthropogenic Climate Change

Shwed, Uri, and Peter S. Bearman. 2010. “The Temporal Structure of Scientific Consensus Formation.” American Sociological Review 75 (6): 817–40.

Concluding remarks

Science is messy, complex, often exploitative, and anything but ‘pure’

But having the tools to critically analyze the processes of scientific knowledge allows for creative reimagining of what science is and who it can be for

animation from the Muppets. Bunsen Honeydew is explaining something to the camera in a lab. Beaker is freaking out because something is on fire. The frame fills with smoke.

Thank you for a fantasistic semester!

Image credit

a person wearing a black disposable nitrile glove holding a hamburger with consipcuous gold leaf on top of the patty

Photo by Amir Shiri on Unsplash

Photograph of Mike Pence, masked, getting a vaccine from a man wearing a lab coat, surgical mask, and rubber gloves.

Photo by Saul Loeb via Business Insider

still from History Channel, showing a man with wild hair and a smirk on his face gesturing with his hands. (It was aliens meme)

Still from Ancient Aliens via imgflip

Woodcut print of an aloof academic in full regalia reading a book

Unknown source, via canadianmysteries.ca

screenshot of article from Clickhole. Headline: 'Heartbreaking: The Worst Person You Know Just Made A Great Point

Screenshot from Clickhole

animation from the Muppets. Bunsen Honeydew is explaining something to the camera in a lab. Beaker is freaking out because something is on fire. The frame fills with smoke.

Animation from The Muppets via tenor.com

Simultaneously legitimizes some knowledge and de-legitimizes other knowledge Discuss NORMS and Merton Discuss all of teh boundary maintentence by scientists we’ve discussed in class (e.g. postcolonial)

There are lots of good pieces critiquing conspiracy theory on its scientific merit, and discussing the way it spreads Given the focus in this course on situated knowledge and the “impurity” of science, this piece takes a ‘cultural sociological’ approach

Contested boundary

- Kuhn and Collins describe the way that scientific paradigms restrict the kind of knowledge that is seen as legitimate - Haraway and Tallbear show the way that cultural and social contexts dramatically alter what can be known - Benjamin and Poudrier (and gould) underscore the way that science is often at the service of existing biases - Adams and Allen show the specific ways that non-dominant knowledge is excluded Kuhn - The Structure of Scientific Revolutions Collins - The Seven Sexes: A Study in the Sociology of a Phenomenon, or the Replication of Experiments in Physics Haraway - Situated Knowledges Tallbear - Genomic Articulations of Indigeneity Benjamin - Race After Technology: Abolitionist Tools for the New Jim Code Poudrier - The Geneticization of Aboriginal Diabetes and Obesity: Adding Another Scene to the Story of the Thrifty Gene Adams - Randomized Controlled Crime: Postcolonial Sciences in Alternative Medicine Research Allen - Strongly Participatory Science and Knowledge Justice in an Environmentally Contested Region

Takeaway is not “all knowledge should be considered legitimate” Rather: sources of legitimacy should be treated critically Bring up scientific racism, e.g.